Organizational Design Behavior Free Essays

In the event that the authoritative structure is intended to reflect it’s circumstance, the Limora Hospital and the Community Health Centre’s (LCHC) structures don't do this. The present structure doesn't mirror the intricacy, elements, or nature. There seems, by all accounts, to be little thought given to boundaries of structure. We will compose a custom article test on Authoritative Design Behavior or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Authoritative plan is utilized to move a progression of model that decide the division of work and coordination. The Limora Hospital and the LCHC have shortcomings in their structure concerning the dynamic framework, the sidelong associations between the superstructure, the configuration of the subunits and the individual employment positions. These are vital pieces of the structure and appear to be a shortcoming at the two offices. I would portray the structure of the LCHC as nearly non-existent. Despite the fact that the contextual analysis doesn’t give a great deal of data about the genuine pieces of the for Limora Hospital or the LCHC, it improves at the Hospital then at the LCHC. As an underlying advance, it would assist with consolidating a few territories of the two offices and better use its technostructure, bolster staff and working center. The key zenith is powerless with no predictable, submitted initiative or organization. There is disarray about the Bishop’s intensity of power. He seems to have parted with his capacity, yet a few workers demonstrate something else. Truth be told, there doesn’t give off an impression of being any genuine administration to apply administrative initiative and course. This sort of disarray and strife cripples the peak and the center line completely. A typical vision, strategic, dynamic enthusiasm for the future must be exhibited by the Executives in the event that they are to stream down into the center of the association. This is missing and is woefully felt by Dr. Macdonald who can't go down anything over he is able to do, or more, than he is getting from his bosses. There is a little technostructure sought after, a huge care staff, and a working center that is unmistakably not very much overseen. Most clear is the absence of linkages among the board and the working center. Despite the fact that not as apparent are the powerless linkages between the center and the supporting staff. A constrained flat decentralization may work where the vital summit imparts some capacity to the technostruture that normalizes everyone’s work and a portion of these linkages. An efficient supervisory crew and representative connects to them are vital. A solid hypothetical point is made in The Classical School of authoritative hypothesis by Henry Fayol, a French industrialist. He, and different scholars like Urwick, Gulick, Mooney and Reiley, accentuated the all inclusiveness of the administration work in a wide range of various associations. Fayol’s hypothesis worked from the top managerial staff and CEOs down through the association. He focused on the significance of arranging, sorting out, planning and controlling the organization of an association starting from the top. The shortcoming in Limora Hospital and the LCHC can be found in the administration of the Apex and he center line, and the working center. No genuine consideration has been given to these zones so they can accomplish the authority and regulatory control they need. The pieces of the association don't bolster the planning components required, and disregard to address the issues of either office. They ought to mirror the setup for an expert association that depends on the prepared experts who have an elevated level of power over their work. It is sheltered to expect that the Doctors and medical caretakers have all been prepared and have normalized their expert abilities before working at the either office. Coordination is accomplished by the goodness of specialists and medical caretakers having taken in what's in store from each other. So they do have this essential component of coordination. What is missing, is the vital authoritative paste to hold it together. Maybe the normalization of standards as another organizing component. The medical caretakers don’t appear to have the option to organize their exercises dependent on their shared objective of thinking about the wiped out and normalizing standards would be useful. There has been an endeavor at coordination by Dr. Macdonald, however the association has been without solid reliable control for a really long time. In spite of the fact that there doesn’t seem, by all accounts, to be a center line, Dr. Macdonald has been left to advance coordination and legitimate structure all alone. His administration endeavor is valiant yet he needs the assistance of qualified center line administrators. The missing boundaries of configuration are Behavior formalization, Training, and Unit gathering. Conduct formalization would give work procedures and sets of expectations to diminish disarray about what work individuals ought to do and how they ought to do it. By all accounts, one may address whether a gathering of experts need rigid principles and regulations.Although these experts know the embodiment of their jobs, and have a great deal of power over what they do, they come up short on a structure inside which to work and decide. Conduct formalization could plot the system inside which they can take control and, recognize the limit where they need the help and collaboration of others. Additionally significant, is to distinguish the correspondence linkages to others inside and outside this structure. This would dispose of much disarray, ingrain certainty into the working center, and bring collaboration among administrators and laborers. I can't help suspecting that when you are managing the life, demise, and the wellbeing of others, the exact opposite thing you need is discord and disarray among the individuals who are thinking about you. Beside the expert aptitudes applied by the specialists and attendants, the least difficult techniques in organization of center laborers could be an unfortunate for the patient. For instance, how is a particular report finished, when is it finished, who are the basic beneficiaries of the report, when must they get it, and what must be remembered for, everything include linkages and participation among experts, staff and the board. On the off chance that these are broken here and there or done erroneously, outside of the recommended system, they can affect an actual existence. Chester Bernard’s book, The Functions of Executives, from the human relations way of thinking, underlined the requirement for clearness and participation among directors and laborers to assist the premiums of everybody. Bernard said that associations by their inclination are helpful frameworks and can't endure something else. He recorded three powers to accomplish this participation; official administration, subordinate acknowledgment of hierarchical objectives, and the intensity of casual work gatherings. Unmistakably in a medical clinic there is space for severe principles and procedures sketched out by the pioneers, but since there are additionally enormous zones of free dynamic, you should have a participation and an equalization of both. Preparing, another boundary of configuration, can show the experts what the principles, procedures, and systems are, and obviously characterize the degree of execution for each. The Limora Hospital must made them train on the clinics methods however when the medical attendants approached work at the LCHC, they grumbled that they were not arranged to these appropriately. Preparing at LCHC is inadequate around there. The quintessence of the work done by the experts is the same in either the Limora Hospital or the LCHC. What is diverse is the reason for every office and the degree of yield. One is an emergency clinic that thinks about the individuals who are as of now sick, and the LCHC is a network program that centers around protection wellbeing to attempt to shield individuals from winding up in the medical clinic. The clinic specialists and medical attendants would almost certainly be prescriptive in their consideration for exceptionally sick patients over a shorter period. The LCHC would likewise endorse however would almost certainly be progressively illustrative in their consideration over longer timeframes in the network. Showing these in a general sense various goals to everybody, and what work is folded over them, would encourage an unmistakable bearing for precisely what the employments are in every office. The Scientific Management hypothesis advocates a deliberate way to deal with work plan, execution, and preparing. Not really the entirety of the hypothesis segments are appropriate the precise way to deal with preparing applies to a wellbeing association. There is an efficient method of applying clinical tests to guarantee there are no mix-ups. Speed and effectiveness are basic. There might be a takeoff from this hypothesis as it identifies with division of work and assignment specialization, however the logical determination of preparing stays valuable to our social insurance circumstance. Adam Winslow Taylor and Henry Gantt stressed the requirement for deliberate preparing of laborers. Taylor especially pushed that the job of the board was to know their representatives and to prepare them to progress admirably. On the off chance that this was done, it would deliver greatest productivity. At long last, both the LCHC and the clinic are subject to similar assets. The two of them need examiners, for example, bookkeeping and faculty, the two of them utilize similar attendants and specialists in their working center, and both need the utilization of land meanderers in their work. Clashes have surfaced in light of the fact that the hierarchical structure doesn't use these like needs well. For instance: Clear and exact money related representing the two territories The two of them need exceptionally qualified specialists and medical attendants Their essential and supporting staff need comparative preparing They are reliant on one another yet the structure doesn't advance interdependency The two of them require procedures and methodology to play out their employments well Unit gathering would be the structure boundary generally required to help encourage the common needs of every unit. Gathering these under a similar oversight would urge participation and help to advance a progressively proficient and agreeable worki

History of Immigration in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Immigration in the US - Essay Example There are negative perspectives to having such an ethnically various populace, for example, prejudice and social class limits drawn along racial lines; African Americans, for instance, for the most part win not exactly their Caucasian partners. The reason for this paper is to investigate how the historical backdrop of movement has molded the United States and how it influences the populace. The primary migration can be supposed to be one of the most significant. As recently referenced, the Western Europeans carried with them African slaves, and it is maybe somewhat because of the waiting idea that African Americans are related with this slave exchange that draws one of the most significant social limits. African Americans experience significant levels of prejudice, as prove by the nearness of ‘Christian’ gatherings, for example, the KKK who keep on existing in the U.S. today and work towards ethnically purging the nation. African Americans acquire less and are habitually found in the most denied regions, proposing that there is still a ton of work to be done to neutralize this prior antagonism. Another significant part of this first rush of movement is the treatment of the Native Americans who were at that point living in the territory. The white pioneers felt that the local gatherings were from multiple points of view mediocre, just as carrying with them a few irresistible ailments that were risky. This prompted a huge lessening in the quantity of Native Americans dwelling in the United States and compelling area getting guaranteeing that these individuals could not, at this point live their conventional ways of life. Once more, Native Americans experience the ill effects of bigotry and monetary issues, which could be viewed because of this previous social limit drawn by the settlers. In the nineteenth century, the Western Europeans again started to relocate as once huge mob to the United States. Two significant social gatherings showing up with t his wave were the Germans and the Irish, both leaving their nations of origin on account of negative conditions there and the guarantee of the American Dream. The Nativist/Know Nothing development firmly restricted these settlements since it was felt that they could upset the social equalization of the nation. Critically, the Irish foreigners were transcendently Catholic and it was felt that, since they were heavily influenced by the Pope in Rome, there would be a change of the style of Christianity previously settled in the U.S. The nineteenth century additionally observed the death of the Chinese Exclusion Act, which said that there were just to be a sure number of Chinese workers into the nation. From the outset, Chinese outsiders were viewed as critical to the economy of the United States yet after the financial circumstance improved, they started to be accused for white joblessness. There was frequently brutality against the Chinese in California due to the death of this demons tration. This time likewise observed the mass movement of Polish Jews endeavoring to get away from the Russian domain and strict mistreatment, and these individuals were again for the most part rejected section after the migration share was reached. Bigotry was, and still is, a significant issue for the Chinese and Jewish individuals, maybe in view of their treatment during this time. Taking everything into account, it is anything but difficult to perceive how the United States has become such an ethnically various nation and how these various occasions have formed the racial scene of the nation. A large number of these migration occasions, and those that came after, still have an

Persuasive Essay Topics Where and How to Find Them

Persuasive Essay Topics Where and How to Find Them Choose Your Persuasive Essay Topics for College There exist many kinds of essays that you can write. A persuasive essay turns out to be one of the popular ones. The most teachers love it. It’s because you have to read a lot at the stage of preparation. You also have to find reliable evidence of your ideas. In this type of an essay, the author has to state a personal opinion and persuade the reader that this opinion is the right one. Thus, you need to choose the topic very attentively. What is a good topic for a persuasive essay? You need to be familiar with the problem or at least you should know where to look for the information about it. And we don’t mean google here. How to pick up the best persuasive essay topics? What’s the best topic? The answers may vary depending on the college you’re studying in and what you’re learning at the moment, and much more. There isn’t a universal answer to this question. Why choosing the best topic for your essay? First of all, we all write essays to get high grades. And many teachers value the choice of the topic. So you get a higher grade only for the idea that you’ve chosen. Let’s try to find out these topic ideas for the persuasive essay. Make a research Try to find something really unique. If your college tutor reads one and the same things every year, the grade cannot be the highest for such an essay. Try to do some serious research to show your approach to the writing. If you pick up a new topic and you can’t find any example essays about it. Your tutor will appreciate this. You will show that you’re not lazy and you’re willing to accept all the challenges of your student’s life. Remember what books you have recently read, what films you’ve watched or what things made you sad or happy. Brainstorm ideas Take a pencil and a piece of paper. Write down all the problems you see around you all over the world. It can be everything starting from the garbage in the street to the melting the glacier melting. You can do it alone or with your friends. If there are over three people, it’s better to use a board for noting all the ideas that come to your minds. Choose the most significant topic If you have several variants of persuasive research essay topics, you should choose the most interesting for you and people around you. If you pick a good but boring topic, you will lose any desire to write it and you have a risk to postpone the writing until the last minute before the deadline. Moreover, developing such a topic will be like a torture for you. So, what’s the use of it? Another effective tip for you is that you need to make sure that the topic will be significant for the teacher as well. If your topic is about choosing the cartoon for kids, it can be ok, but the topic of illegal abortion can be of more significance. Have a talk with your tutor If you’ve tried all methods mentioned-above and still have no idea how to come up with good topics for a persuasive essay , contact your teacher for help. Describe how you’ve researched for the idea and how you’ve brainstormed it but you haven’t finished any of the processes successfully. If your tutor has time, you will get some help. It doesn’t mean you will get a persuasive essay topic, you will get a guideline what to do to choose the right topic. Nothing helps me to find a good persuasive essay topic There are different situations in life that cannot let you make a choice. It can be a banal lack of time. Even if you want to succeed in writing, stress can reduce the effectiveness of your brainstorming or the teacher can refuse you to help. Or you simply don’t know what kind of topic you can call a good one or a bad one. This task can easily turn from an essay writing into a real nightmare for any student. What’s the way out? Here let’s consider what you can do if you can’t find good persuasive essay topics. We advise you to ask a person whom you are not familiar with. The more experience this person has in writing essays the better result of such a cooperation will be. Where to find him or her? You can do it online on a specialized website where you can get such services as choosing the topic or even writing the essay for money. Don’t worry, the sums for such work are low, so you can save your time and feel relieved. Just give it a try.

Tips on Measuring Distance on a Map

A map represents a portion of  Earths surface. Because an accurate map represents a real area, each map has a scale that indicates the relationship between a certain distance on the map and the distance on the ground. The map scale is usually located in the legend box of a map, which explains the symbols and provides other important information about the map. A map scale can be printed in a variety of ways. Words Numbers Map Scale A ratio or representative fraction (RF) indicates how many units on Earths surface are equal to one unit on the map. It can be expressed as 1/100,000 or 1:100,000. In this example,  1 centimeter on the map could equal 100,000 centimeters (1 kilometer) on Earth. It could also mean that 1  inch on the map is equal to 100,000 inches on the real location (8,333 feet, 4 inches, or about 1.6 miles). Other common RFs include 1:63,360 (1 inch to 1 mile) and 1:1,000,000 (1 cm to 10 km). A word statement gives a written description of map distance, such as 1  centimeter equals 1 kilometer or 1 centimeter equals 10 kilometers. Obviously, the first map would show much more detail than the second, because 1 centimeter on the first map covers a much smaller area than on the second map. To find a real-life distance, measure the distance between two points on the map, whether inches or centimeters—whichever scale is listed—and then do the math. If 1 inch on the map equals 1 mile and the points youre measuring are 6 inches apart, theyre 6 miles apart in reality. Caution The first two methods of indicating map distance would be ineffective if the map is reproduced by a method such as photocopying with  the size of the map modified (zoomed in or reduced). If this occurs and one attempts to measure 1 inch on the modified map, its not the same as 1 inch on the original map. Graphic Scale A graphic scale  solves  the shrink/zoom  problem because it is simply a line marked with the distance on the ground that the map reader can use along with a ruler to determine scale on the map. In the United States, a graphic scale often includes both metric and U.S. common units. As long as the size of the graphic scale is changed along with the map, it will be accurate. To find a distance using a graphic  legend, measure the legend with a ruler to find its ratio; maybe 1 inch equals 50 miles, for instance. Then measure the distance between the points on the map and use that measurement to determine the real distance between those two places.  Ã‚   Large or Small Scale Maps are often known as large scale or small scale. A large-scale map refers to one that shows greater detail because the representative fraction (e.g., 1/25,000) is a larger fraction than a small-scale map, which would have an RF of 1/250,000 to 1/7,500,000. Large-scale maps will have an RF of 1:50,000 or greater (i.e., 1:10,000). Those between 1:50,000 to 1:250,000 are maps with an intermediate scale. Maps of the world that fit on two 8 1/2-by-11-inch pages are very small scale, about 1 to 100 million.

A Easy Tip About Definition Essay Topics for College Exposed

A Easy Tip About Definition Essay Topics for College Exposed The Fight Against Definition Essay Topics for College Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper can help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. All things considered, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. In an issue of speaking, picking out persuasive essay topics is similar to telling yourself what you wish to convey to the rest of the planet. Deciding on the correct topic for a persuasive speech is occasionally not such an easy issue to do as it might seem. The Hidden Truth About Definition Essay Topics for College Looking for an excellent topic you may also turn to an essay writing agency. When picking out persuasive essay topics to write about, it would be better to stick to your very own personal opinions so you are going to have a definite idea on what things to put in it. There are lots of writing online forums which may come in handy once you are i nterested in a topic. Some people might believe that the very good content could be written on any topic and the paper success is dependent just on the mastery of the writer. The above-mentioned topic selection may give you a very clear comprehension of what things to write about. You're able to observe a list of 25 topics you can select from the one which best fits your assignment. There are a lot of things to be considered prior to selecting a topic. Picking The correct Topic The topic that's chosen needs to be based on some critical aspects. You should make sure that you're very interested in the topic before you are able to persuade others about it. The topic ought to be specific so far as possible. It should not be too vast. Thus, it should be debatable! What Is So Fascinating About Definition Essay Topics for College? Remember your essay is about solving problems, therefore a solution ought to be a highlight of the essay. Always provide concrete solution and expound to your reader why it's the ideal solution. Next, you have to think about the method on how you wish to relay it to your readers. Your reader ought to know that your solution is not just the best from any other solution. however, it is economical, feasible etc.. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically considering the world around us. A proposal essay is quite straightforward to comprehend. Having selected an excellent topic to argue about, at this point you will need t o make an argumentative essay outline. Below you'll find some great college essay topics for you to contemplate when writing your essay. Locating good essay topics you could discuss effectively and create powerful argumentative essays is a tricky work. So, it's a remarkable foundation for assorted epic stories! If this is the case, you might have an excellent beginning to your expository essay. Even if you're a specialist in a particular field, don't be afraid to use and cite external sources. It's possible to opt for an intriguing topic from any area of science. The research ought to be done from nice and dependable sources. To collect such info, a detailed principal research is needed. Definition Essay Topics for College - Is it a Scam? Your tutor won't be content to see this kind of assignment, and that is going to reflect on your grade. Your college essay is going to be the most important and crucial sort of essay you could ever write. An informative essay is regarded as one of the most effortful assignments a student can receive. Writing a proposal essay isn't exactly among the toughest things you will ever get to do, and it is for the exact same reason that you have to think about learning not just how to write one, but also how to make certain the one that you decide to write about is among the best that you could ever get to supply your tutors. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. The thesis gives you a guideline on the best way to go about with writing the essay. Argumentative writings is a particular sort of a paper. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Definition Essay Topics for College Is Wrong Normally, having three key arguments to show your point is sufficient for a convincing paper. You are able to also restate the ideas you have discussed in the body paragraphs in order to make your point valid. With amazing arguments, it is going to be simple to produce your standpoint. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you are able to counter to your own points.

To what extent is the true of Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy Free Essays

string(248) " Castiza to prostitute herself, as the ‘depth of \[his\] self-deception’ and although of course he is happy when she rejects his offers, the ‘image of a noble self we see in flashes is not restored in the end’ \(1986:146\)\." ‘Sternly moral and strangely perverse’ (Schoenbaum 1955:6), The Revenger’s Tragedy explores the ethical complexities of the revenger figure, Vindice, through his determination to take vengeance upon the lecherous Duke. The very nature of revenge tragedy shows an inversion of the morality play, in which the protagonist would face a series of temptations and ultimately choose a virtuous life over one of evil. Revenge plays on the other hand invariably include; secret murders and plots, disguises, violence and catastrophe, all of which are presented in The Revenger’s Tragedy, but also within the character of Vindice. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is the true of Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy? or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is not, however, the soul revenger in the play. Irving Ribner lists nine different situations which involve revenge (1962:80) and therefore it is not surprising that some critics argue that Middleton’s1 work should be more accurately named ‘The Revengers’ Tragedy’ (Adams 1965:61). In order for Vindice, and the other malicious characters, to exact revenge, they must enter the world of their enemy, to achieve maximum devastation from the inside out; ’embracing evil in a vain attempt to destroy evil’ (Ribner 1962:80). Is this, therefore, the real tragedy of the revenger, insofar as the revenger must debase himself to the level of his adversary, in order to punish him? In the opening scene of the play, Vindice holds his dead fiancie’s skull in his hand and vows to get his revenge on the Duke who attempted to seduce her and subsequently poisoned her. In terms of a revenge plot, this appears very straightforward – an ‘eye for eye’ (Exodus 21:24) vengeance, but this becomes more complex with the sacrifices that Vindice has to make. Initially, he must find an entrance into court which is achieved by becoming pander to the Duke’s son, Lussurioso. Having previously left the court after his father’s death, merely becoming involved in this society again is a compromise, exposing him to the corruption he so readily criticises. Perhaps the audience is supposed to be impressed at Vindice’s restraint, being so close to an enemy and not striking immediately, though it is this determination which ultimately turns him villain from hero. As Bowers states, ‘only rather villainous revengers are presented as waiting such a period. †¦ ] No normal, sympathetic person by Elizabethan standards would harbour his wrath for such a time and withstand the promptings of religion for forgiveness’ (1959:136n. ) Being under Lussurioso’s command, Vindice’s escape from the planned revenge is not so easy and it could be maintained that his fate is sealed from the start; not only must he kill the Duke, but his son as well. Under his guise as Piato, meaning â€Å"plated† (Neill 1996:404), Vindice sinks further into tyranny by accepting money from Lussurioso, and presumably also from the Duke, for his work. Perhaps he had no choice in this acceptance, and therefore again, Vindice’s fate is marked. Neill notes the suitability of the name Piato and its associations with the repeated ‘coin’ image throughout the play. As a man in disguise, Vindice is the embodiment of the ‘deceptive glitter of the whole court’; he has become the â€Å"blanched† coin, a ‘base metal plated over with silver to improve its appearance’ (Neill 1996:404). In adopting this costume, Vindice becomes consumed by the traits he puts upon himself, and poisoning the Duke completes this conversion. Piato and Vindice become, characteristically as well as physically, the same person. Murray warns that ‘the name and the disguise are intended to fool Lussurioso, but we should not be fooled into seeing a contradiction of character where none in fact exists’ (1964:214 original emphasis). ‘The crucial transformations in the play are effected by poisoning, figurative or literal’ and the literal poisoning of the Duke is reflected in the figurative poisoning of Vindice’s mind and character (Murray 1964:196). Although he has now completed his revenge plan, Vindice forgets his original purpose and not content with ‘the death of †¦ his logical victim, must scourge from court all his vicious progeny’ (Bowers 1959:133). In losing focus of his initial goal, ‘Puh, ’tis but early yet†¦ ‘ (III. V. 171), Vindice aligns himself with the Duke, whose own aim had been to seduce Gloriana, but resulted in poisoning and ultimately murdering her. Murray argues that Vindice’s ‘degeneration’ can be followed through ‘subtle changes’ in his attitude toward Gloriana and her skull (1965:124). After this episode, Gloriana is hardly mentioned and Vindice has reduced her to a similar level to himself; dressing up her skull, creating falseness, an ironic comparison with Vindice himself, as well the courtiers, having heavily painted or masked faces. This mask image is repeated with the masque at the close of the play, in which Vindice carries out his last gruesome acts in yet another disguise. The movement from simple costume to the masque brutality is a perfect example of the shift in Vindice’s character. From this moment he is ‘never shown hesitating at the thought of violence’ and as is noted by many critics, ‘no-one else in the major tragedies of the period goes to such extremes of takes such delight in the doing on violence on an enemy’ – Vindice embodies the ‘spirit of violence’ (McAlindon 1986:140). Through the enjoyment and pleasure of violence, Vindice loses all focus, control and rationality. Murray’s argument that ‘[Vindice’s] moral perception is blinded at the moment when disillusion cuts through to his sexual obsession, and he is driven to sadistic revenges’ (1964:223) is another example of Vindice turning tyrant, by becoming the lecherous man he has despised for so many years. Vindice almost sexualises Gloriana’s decorated skull, ‘†¦ methinks I could e’en chide myself / For doting on her beauty’ (III. V. 68-9) and he revels in the ingenuity of his revenge on the Duke, though he does not realise that ‘it destroys the moral value of Gloriana’s martyrdom, making a whore and a murderess of her’ (Murray 1965:218). His lust even extends to his own sister and in trying to tempt her to court, Vindice has some of his most poetic and well-reasoned lines: ‘Why are there so few honest women but because ’tis the / poorer profession? ‘ (II. I. 225-6). McAlindon sees Vindice’s plea to Castiza to prostitute herself, as the ‘depth of [his] self-deception’ and although of course he is happy when she rejects his offers, the ‘image of a noble self we see in flashes is not restored in the end’ (1986:146). You read "To what extent is the true of Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy?" in category "Papers" The play’s moral dilemma is of course that Gratiana and Castiza can enjoy the riches too, if they agree to become corrupted (Salinger 1982:242). In his discussions with Lussurioso, Vindice again displays this side of his personality. The audience cannot help but draw comparisons between Vindice, the Duke and also his lecherous son, in the manner that he describes lust and sexual depravity: ‘I have been witness / To the surrenders of a thousand virgins’ (I. III. 49-50). Vindice’s arguments seem to flow all too easily, ‘premeditated’ (Ornstein 1954:85) perhaps and convince his mother within seventy lines. Nicholas Brooke argues that his decision to carry out this ‘project’ has its ‘own perversity’, as his rage turns to ‘excitement’ and a ‘delight in the paradox’ (1979:15) which leads him to a dangerous resolve, ‘to try the faith of both’ (I. III. 177). Although his asides show some regret for his actions, ‘Not, I hope, already? ‘ and ‘I e’en quake to proceed’ (II. I. 104, 109), Vindice appears to continue his persuasion with little further thought on the matter. Later, when he decides to punish, and almost take revenge, on his own mother for agreeing to Castiza’s prostitution, Vindice exhibits some of his most morally disturbing behaviour by Elizabethan standards. Gibbons notes that ‘in a society where parental authority was so strong, a parent’s submission to a child was a deep and disturbing breach of custom’ (1992:88n) and the image of Hippolito and Vindice either side of their mother, presumably with weapons, is almost a direct parallel of the way in which the brothers handle the Duke: ‘Nail down his tongue, and mine shall keep possession / About his heart’ (III. V. 193-4). This can be viewed symbolically where Vindice must, for his own satisfaction, kill the ‘heart’ and perform psychological torment, by showing the Duke his wife and son together. It could be argued that it is this image that kills the Duke. As his next target, the murder of Lussurioso must, of course, out do the death of the Duke, despite his reasoning being less substantial. To get his change however, Vindice must now become himself and is hired to kill ‘Piato’. This symbolism releases Vindice of all mental guilt, as it allows him not only to re-enact his killing of the Duke, but also stabbing the image of himself pushes him further into the ‘manic glee’ (Brooke 1979:25) of the revenger character. Neill sees this episode as if Vindice were ‘facing the image of his death’ (1997:84), a form of premonition to his inevitable downfall and death at the end of the play. For the audience, this image of Vindice killing â€Å"himself† is ironic, and the idea of arranging the corpse in a lifelike way is a shocking mirror of the ‘bony lady’ (III. V. 120) Gloriana. With this gesture intended to separate the characters of Piato and Vindice, this actually brings them together as one, though Vindice fails to see this, as does Hippolito who says ‘In thine own shape now I’ll prefer thee to him’ (IV. I. 60) Vindice constantly makes the distinction between the characters; ‘am I far enough from myself? ‘ (I. III. 1), he asks, when first dressing as Piato, and later he claims his alter ego to be ‘a witch’ (V. III. 121). Although this is a popular argument, critics such as Heather Hirschfield disagree, stating that Vindice is enacting a quest for ‘self-disclosure’ and is ‘less about obtaining an impossible justice and more about orchestrating scenes that allow him to proclaim his own sinfulness’ (2005:113). She argues that by putting himself in situations which allow him to give rise to someone new and pure through self destruction, Vindice is actually not looking revenge at all, merely a passage to a better life. With his final confession, Vindice hopes to attain this cleansing, however this moment of self-revelation ‘shipwreck[s] him on the very sinful self that confession is meant to overcome’, and perhaps this is a critique of ‘hollow’ Catholic penitence (Hirschfield 2005:113). Irving Ribner agrees with this view, arguing that ‘Heaven is responsible for Vindice’s fall, but heaven’s instrument is time, which changes all, and reduces life to death’ (1962:77-8). It could be said therefore, that the tragedy of the revenger, is not his debasement to the level of tyrant, but his impatience for exacting his revenge, and the ‘failure of his faith in heaven’ (Ribner 1962:80). Vindice fails to recognise and embrace the ‘inevitability of divine retribution’ and the ‘self-destructive quality of evil’ and by believing that he fully understood and was in control of himself, ultimately lost grip on his moral identity (Ribner 1962:75). At times Vindice seems somewhat irrelevant to the plotline in having no ‘clear-cut opponent’ and being out of control of the majority of the action. In the masque scene, for example, the deaths of Ambitioso, Supervacuo and Spurio have ‘no indication’ that they were anything more than an ‘unexpected accident’ (Bowers 1959: 136,7) in which Vindice was simply an innocent bystander. Vindice, however, is not the only revenger in the play and the most notable other is Lussurioso when trying to take revenge upon Piato. He mirrors, albeit unwittingly, the masking and lying that ‘Piato’ had displayed, in being untruthful about the reasons he wants revenge. Lussurioso claims that Piato had disobeyed his commands and attempted to seduce Castiza for himself using jewels. Ironically, this is just what Vindice had done, on Lussurioso’s behalf, yet he fails to see this paradox, and is simply angered at the falsehood. Supervacuo, Ambitioso and Spurio try to take revenge on each other, as well as their elder brother. Again, they lower themselves to each other’s level, climbing over one another in an attempt to become the next Duke. It could also be argued that Antonio has the final revenge, on Vindice, by condemning him to death. Is, therefore, Antonio as guilty as Vindice? Throughout the play he is described as ‘discontented’ (I. V. sd) at the death of his wife, rather than grieving, which is a term usually associated with the character of the malcontent; Lussurioso claims that ‘discontent and want / Is the best clay to mould a villain’ (IV. I. 48-9) Antonio, like Vindice, is deaf to the truth, condemning Gentleman1 for allowing the Duke to leave the court alone. It is ironic, perhaps, that Antonio’s sufferi ngs are so alike to Vindice’s yet he condemns him still. The nature of the relationship between Vindice and Antonio is described by Machiavelli: †¦ hat whoever is responsible for another’s becoming powerful ruins himself, because this power is brought into being either by ingenuity or force, and both of these are suspect to the one who has become powerful (1532:15) In punishing Vindice and Hippolito, Antonio protects himself. Again, conceivably Vindice’s fate was sealed from the very beginning, in that by allowing Antonio to become Duke as a consequence, he became in danger. It is possible then, that the ‘blazing star’ (V. III. sd) looming over the banquet and masque, marks Vindice’s fate, rather than Lussurioso’s. He knows it is useless to argue against Antonio, who is ‘tainted because he shares [the brothers’] guilt’ (Murray 1964:228); ‘Vindice loathes vice, but he has no faith in virtue’ (Ornstein 1954:86). Justice seems to be lacking at the end, just as at the beginning of the play and as a result, Vindice’s work seems futile. In conclusion, it can strongly be argued that Vindice turns tyrant to punish tyranny and that from this guise he is not redeemable. However whether this is the tragedy of the revenger is still debateable. Perhaps rather, the tragedy is that Vindice could not keep up his performance, his act, long enough to succeed or even take the Duke’s seat for himself. In playing himself rather than Piato, and in his confession in the final scene, Vindice metaphorically admits to being taken in by the court that is ‘so given up to evil’ and despite an ‘intense awareness of his own sin’, he cannot save himself (Murray 1964:192,215). By the close of the play, the audience come to the realisation that ‘those who seek justice are no less corrupted than those who seek sensual pleasure or power’ (Murray 1964:228). It is impossible, however to align Vindice with the â€Å"tragic hero† character, as though despite his admittance, he fails to achieve ‘self-knowledge’ and ‘he amuses himself and us so much †¦ he seems incapable of suffering and inner conflict’ (Ribner 1986:151). Through the enjoyment and gratification in the deaths and violence, Vindice’s confession comes to nothing. He does not argue for forgiveness or try and show his regret but merely accepts that †tis time to die when we ourselves are foes’ (V. III. 112). Peter Murray argues that Vindice is one of the more ‘believable portraits of neurotic perversion in all of Jacobean drama’ and therefore the ways in which he evolves as a character is truly accurate to reality (1964:247). Can therefore, turning tyrant really be Vindice’s tragedy, if any other character would have come to the same fate? ‘It is worth remembering that death is what we commonly expect at the end of a revenge tragedy’ and Middleton simply alters the normal style of the close of a revenge play. In showing Vindice’s lack of self-recognition, the audience would leave the theatre with a ‘particular sense of imperfection’ (Ribner 1962:86). The tragedy of the revenger then, is not that Vindice has turned tyrant, but that he represents everyman, and in allowing oneself to be consumed with rage, desire and lust, every one of us would come to the same fate. Vindice does not realise that he has become the butt of his own joke; Lussurioso sought to hire a villain, and he succeeded. How to cite To what extent is the true of Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy?, Papers

The 18th Century thesis Essay Essay Research free essay sample

The eighteenth Century ( thesis Essay ) Essay, Research Paper THESIS ESSAY The early 19th century was an epoch of enormous growing and alteration for the new state. This is a thesis statement that will be proven true in my essay. And why Don? T I begin with one of our greatest presidents, Thomas Jefferson. On March 4th, 1801, Thomas Jefferson was elected President of the United States of America. Thomas Jefferson was a Republican. Republicans strongly supported husbandmans, and they wanted an agricultural state. An agricultural state means some alterations had to be made in the state. The state needed strong trade with other states, and they besides needed more land to farm on. This led to the Louisiana Purchase. The Gallic owned a immense sum of land West of the United States. Inside all of this land was the oral cavity of the Mississippi River, New Orleans. Because the Republicans wanted a agrarian state, America needed a port like New Orleans. We will write a custom essay sample on The 18th Century thesis Essay Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jefferson didn? T think that Napoleon would sell all of this land, but he asked him anyhow if he was willing to sell. To his surprise Napoleon did desire to sell this land because he needed more money for his battle with Great Britain. So Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory, and doubled the state? s size. This purchase was a mastermind move by Jefferson that let the farming state trade utilizing the whole Mississippi. Another accomplishment of Thomas Jefferson was the geographic expedition of the Louisiana Territory. He hired Lewis and Clark to research the chartless district. He told them to seek the land for a river transition to the Pacific Ocean. Jefferson besides told them to maintain journals and do maps. This was Clark? s undertaking. In May, 1804, 44 work forces set out on the expedition. The travellers tried to be friendly with the Indians on their manner. When they reached North Dakota they hired the Gallic trapper Toussaint Charbonneau, and his married woman Sacajawea to be ushers and translators. With them they traveled all the manner to the Pacific Coast and back. Even though many people were disappointed upon their return that they had non found an all H2O path, Lewis and Clark were the first to map most of this land we call America. They besides aroused an involvement in the people to travel westward in the turning state. Let? s travel back a small spot to when Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States. He needed money to contend in the war he was holding with Great Britain. Since the United States had a little military, it did non desire to be involved in the French-British War. America tried to remain impersonal while merchandising with Europe, but France and Great Britain kept on go againsting their neutrality rights. The United States kept on seeking to merchandise, but both sides put encirclements on each others ports. This meant that the other states took their ships. The British, nevertheless, non merely took their ships, but they besides impressed American crewmans. During all of this mayhem President Madison came to power. Because of Britain? s misdemeanors of America? s crewmans, he asked Congress to declare war against Britain. Congress voted yes to the war. Afterwards, it was named the War of 1812. After two old ages of combat, General Andrew Jackson came out winning. A pact was signed in Belgium, and the turning state eventually earned a small regard. They did this by altering the attitude of the Europeans towards them. Following the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson ran for president in 1828 and won. Jackson is said to be the first western president. President Jackson was odd in a the manner he sided with provinces on some things and O n other things he did non. He wanted to take the Indians, acquire rid of the National Bank, and in 1828 he allow a duty base on balls that taxed imports. This enraged Vice President Callhoon, and other people from South Carolina who said it was unjust. The effect was that South Carolina nullified the duty, Callhoon resigned, and South Carolina threatened to organize their ain authorities. Even though the Civil War wasn? T until many old ages subsequently, this was a mark of internal struggle that could endanger the growing of the state. Part of the ground that there was this internal struggle was that our state was turning really quickly, and each country of the state had immense differences. For illustration I will take political parties. The Republicans were husbandmans. They wanted a farming state much like the South was. The Federalists were much different being from New England. They supported industry and fabrication goods. An illustration of party differences is that of the Whisky Rebellion. In this the Federalists who were in power at the clip past a jurisprudence which put a 25 per centum revenue enhancement on whiskey. This enraged Republican husbandmans who turned their grain into whiskey. A full graduated table rebellion came out of this which threatened the ever-changing immature state. Another difference was in the people themselves. Many Germans and Irish people immigrated to the United States. The Germans left their state because of their bad authorities, war, persecution, and because of unemployment. The Germans came to America looking for land, gold, chance, and escapade. About 1.5 million German immigrants came to America from 1820 to 1859. The Germans settled in the Midwest because most of them were skilled husbandmans with adequate money to travel at that place and purchase land. The Irish, nevertheless, were a different narrative. They left their state for most of the same grounds as the Germans, but they besides were holding a nutrient deficit because of the Potato Famine. They came to America looking for a new life. Their journey was awful because they were hapless and unskilled people. Many of them died on their manner. The Irish largely settled in the ports and worked for soil cheap because they were hapless. About 2 million Irish people came to the United States from 1820 to 1859. These different people helped alter the new state. The different people of the state faced new adversities in their new state. The immigrants could be imprisoned or expelled from the state if the president thought the alien was unsafe. This was known as the Alien Act. Another act that disturbed the people was the Sedition Act. The Sedition Act restricted freedom of address and freedom of the imperativeness which was unconstitutional. The Irish were the 1s who truly had adversities though. They had to settle right in the port in the town and because they had no money or accomplishments, mills like Lowell Mills and other concerns took advantage of them, doing them work for pennies. The Lowell Mill was a cotton mill. Largely immature adult females whose household needed money worked at that place, and that was about everybody. They worked 13 hours a twenty-four hours during the summer and from morning until twilight in the winter. They had 30 to 45 proceedingss to eat until the bells rang, and they were rushed away. The factory was hot, loud, and really unsafe. In the embarkation house six misss were in each room, and two misss had to portion a bed. There was no privateness, and the misss had a suffering clip. Even though it was about like bondage it did assist the American Economy grow. For all of these grounds the early 19th century was an epoch of enormous growing and alteration for the new state.

Ford Motor Companys Transformation to an e-business Research Paper

Ford Motor Companys Transformation to an e-business Research Paper Ford Motor Company's Transformation to an e Ford Motor Going Online: Benefit and Risk Ford Motor Company saw the importance of the Internet technology in building and maintaining a strong relationship between the company and its potential/actual customers. In the late 1990s, Ford Motor’s CEO named Jac Nasser had devised an ingenuous, if not ambitious, plan in incorporating the advanced technology of the time into the culture of the company. It must be remembered that the 1990s was the time-period of the emergence of the so-called Internet superhighway. Thence, Nasser had predicted the vital role and the benefits offered by the growth of the software technology. In relation to the World Wide Web, he positioned the Ford Motor in such a way that the company attains the â€Å"vision we have for this new technology† (as cited in Greenhalgh, 2000, p. 46). Internally speaking, the Internet technology has provided a leeway for the members of the Ford Motor to have an open dialogue or exchange of ideas with respect to the customer and the product. For instance, the Dealer Web Hub permits the dealers of the Ford car/truck products to communicate among themselves (â€Å"e-Business at Ford,† n.d.). Conversely, what Nasser called â€Å"Internet inside,† the new technology served not only as a business-to-customer application but also as a business-to-business application (as cited in Greenhalgh, 2000, p. 46). Externally, Ford had made an agreement with other car manufacturers such as DaimlerChrysler in integrating the â€Å"supplier exchange† which is accessible to a single Web portal (â€Å"e-Business at Ford,† n.d.). In the year 2000, the Ford Motor Company had pursued a â€Å"Build to Order† model which is similar to Dell Computer model (â€Å"Ford’s e-Business,† 2002). That is, the model allows Ford’s customers to customize the car based from their individual choice or taste. In browsing the FordDirect site, for example, the customer can select and price the car that he or she desires (â€Å"e-Business at Ford,† n.d.). Prior to configuring the selected car design, the customer is asked of his or her zip code in order to determine his or her specific location. Afterwards, he or she can explore and re/configure the car of his or her liking. Ford has several web sites, each of which caters certain customer type. In Ford.ca, for instance, the customers are mainly from Canada such as Hamilton and Carleton. Comparing Ford.ca and FordDirect, the two online sites are relatively the same in relation to the car products viewed for the Internet users. How they are arranged, in the visual sense, makes them different. Perhaps each site is operated and maintained by particular Ford Motor branch/network. Meaning to say, Ford.ca is managed by Ford Motor based in Canada while other sites are operated/monitored by those who are geographically proximate relative to the location of the intended customer. To my mind, Ford’s project on going online was very risky. In the late 1990s, the World Wide Web was not as broad and expansive as it is today. Of course, technology per se is advantageous to organizations such as Ford. However, potential car customers were hardly familiar to the realm of the Internet let alone had the capacity to access it. Perhaps Jurgen Hubbert, one of DaimlerChrysler’s management board, was right in the context of time in saying that there is no need to â€Å"jump into this sort of business when nobody makes money† (as cited in â€Å"Ford’s e-Business,† 2002). References E-business at Ford Motor Company. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://media.ford.com/article_download.cfm?article_id=6598 Ford’s e-business strategy. (2002). Retrieved from icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/IT%20and%20Systems/Fords%20e-Business%20Strategy-IT%20and%20Systems.htm Greenhalgh, L. (2000). Ford Motor Company’s CEO Jac Nasser on transformational change, e-business, and environmental responsibility. Academy of Management Executive, 14 (3), 46+.

ESL Dialogue to Make an Appointment With the Dentist

ESL Dialogue to Make an Appointment With the Dentist In teaching English and a Second Language (ESL) or English as an Alternative Language (EAL)  students how to properly communicate in English, oftentimes specific examples will help them to understand the dynamics of English grammar and usage at play in real life circumstances, though it is important to also emphasize the technical rules associated with each grammatical situation. One such example of a situation an ESL or an EAL  student may encounter outside of school is scheduling an appointment at the dentist- or doctor, but its best to keep these types of exercises simple and one-dimensional to present the clearest message to students. In this scenario, the teacher should begin by playing the role of the dentist office assistant, mining answering a phone that the student, the patient, should voice.   ESL Dialogue for Practicing Scheduling Medical Appoints Dentist Office Assistant: Good morning, Beautiful Smile Dentistry, this is Jamie. How may I help you today? Patient: Good morning, Id like to schedule a check-up. D:  Id be happy to do that for you. Have you been to Beautiful Smile before? P: Yes, I have. My last check-up was six months ago. D: Great. Can I get your name, please? P:  Yes, of course, sorry. My name is [students name]. D: Thank you, [students name]. Which dentist did you see on your last check-up. P:  Im not sure, really. D: Thats OK. Let me check your chart... Oh, Dr. Lee. P: Yes, thats right. D: OK... Dr. Lee has time next Friday in the morning. P: Hmmm... thats not good. Ive got work. How about the week after that? D: Yes, Dr. Lee has sometimes open. Would you like to suggest a time? P: Does he have anything open in the afternoon? D: Yes, we could fit you in on Thursday, January 14th at 2.30 in the afternoon. P: Great. Thatll work. D: OK, thank you for calling Mr. Appleman, well see you next week. P:  Thank you, bye-bye. Key Phrases for Making Appointments to Emphasize The key takeaways from this exercise are the phrases that one might encounter at a doctor or dentists office that may be confusing to new English learners like which dentist did you see? or we can fit you in, which makes no sense in the literal interpretation of the phrase. The most important phrase for an ESL student to learn here, though, is Id like to schedule or make an appointment, but its also important to be able to understand the response, like if the office assistant had said I wish I could help as a rejection- an ESL student may not understand this means there is nothing that assistant can do to match that persons schedule. The phrase check-up and have you been to Dr. Xs before are both unique to ESL students because they present a colloquialism commonly used to describe situations specific to visiting a doctor or dentist.

To what extent is it sustainable for countries to rely on the export Essay

To what extent is it sustainable for countries to rely on the export of manufactured goods to generate economic growth - Essay Example According to the export-led growth hypothesis (ELGH), it is not only through increased application of labour and capital that overall growth of the national economies is possible but this can also be done through raising the levels of exports. According to the proponents of ELGH, exports can serve as an â€Å"engine of growth.† (Smith, 2001, p. 1) This theory of export-led growth has ample practical support from various countries, especially the developing countries. In recent times, trade policies of many developing nations have indeed become similar as the common believe has been that liberalization aimed at promoting exports is the panacea for all growth ills. Many unsuccessful cases of import substitution, led to trade policy shift to export promotion. The success stories of East Asian nations such as Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong and South Korea with respect to manufacturing exports have inspired others to emulate the policy of export promotion even for themselves. However , in recent times the strategy of export-led growth has received a severe drubbing as the Japanese and South Korean manufacturing export-led growth have cooled down. A major global recession would certainly cause difficulties for unhindered growth of these export-led nations. This crisis-driven slump in exports have in many countries has accentuated the significance of generating more domestic demand. The theoretical link between economic growth and trade is centuries old. The earliest proponent of the positive relationship between trade and economic growth is the classical economist Adam Smith. Subsequently, other classical economists such as James Mills, John Stuart Mill, Ricardo and Torrens improved upon the theory of Smith. Since then, the positive impact of trade on the economy has been well established through indisputable benefits of international specialization and productivity gain. In this context, Ibrahim (2002)

HW Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

HW - Assignment Example It relates to the growth of MNC by evaluating the stages that an international product has to go through thus revealing product decline and appreciations as a result of competition c. Low home inflation will mean high consumption and less saving. This will in turn increase imports and reduce export thus increasing deficit in a country’s current account. Foreign imports will signify a strong competition thus low inflation. The demand for South Korean won will increase with the increase in demand for imports. The supply for South Korean won will reduce due to increase in its exports. The result will be a shift in equilibrium value of the South Korean won upwards, thus increasing its value. The high interest rates in US will increase demand for US currency as a result of hot money flows. This will see appreciation in US dollar demand for Argentina pesos will decrease, while its supply will increase. The equilibrium value for the pesos will thus depreciate Rise in income levels of US will increase demand and consumption thus increasing imports. The demand for British pounds will increase, while supply for British pound for sale will decrease, the equilibrium value of the British pound will increase thus signifying an appreciation in the value of British pound b. In speculating, the speculators who anticipate for appreciation of the currency will purchase the future contracts of the currency as opposed to those who anticipate the currency’s decline who will sell currency future contracts of that currency When the US based firm wants to lock its maximum price to be paid for euros in future, then the US firm can consider purchasing a call option for euros. Similarly, when the US firm wants the price of its receivables to be lock at minimum prices for the euros, then the US firm can consider put option on euros. A speculator should purchase a call option of Australian dollar when the Australian dollar is devalued and low compared

Case Study Formal And Informal Assessments Education Essay

Case Study Formal And Informal Assessments Education Essay Formal and informal assessments are two specific procedures that teachers use to evaluate and grade their students. Both formal and informal formative assessments involve gathering, interpreting, and acting on information (Ruiz-Primo Furtak,2004, p. 4). Formal assessments are standardized exams used by a state to reflect on particular grade level to measure a students academic abilities. These exams are administered in the same way every time with a time restriction and instructions to how the exam should be graded. In contrast, informal assessments are exams or activities designed to specially review or test students knowledge on a certain academic subject taught by their teacher. I will be discussing the advantage and disadvantage for two different forms of formal assessment and four types of informal assessments methods. The two formal assessments are norm-referenced and criterion-referenced. Norm-referenced are standardized tests and are linked to inter individual differences (Gargiulo, 2008, p.65). This test compares the students skill to other students in the similar age group. Statistical method is used to determine how the student did. For example first grade students were tested and the outcome is used in a statistical method. You would be able to see how each student ranked. For example, Jon scored at the 50th percentile among his class. There are advantages and disadvantages in using norm referenced testing. One advantage to this method is it can determine whether a student may need special services. For example, if the student scores less than standard norm for reading, they will receive special services to aid them in this subject. Another advantage to this method is it allows parents to see how their childs academic results are compared to their peers. For example, Julie performs at 86 percentile in her class. This means that Julie performed better than 86% from her classmates. As there are advantages, there are disadvantages. One disadvantage to this method is it consists of broad academic information and may not consist of current classroom content. Another disadvantage is it does not fully capture a students academic abilities on problem solving, decision making, social skills, nor their ability elaborate on certain topic. In contrast, Criterion-referenced tests are associated with intra individual differences and can provide data that is useful for instructional planning (Gargiulo, 2008, p.66). For example, a math problem is given to a student to see if the student is able to add two digit numbers. The outcome is strictly based on whether the student did or did not answer the problem correctly. The first advantage to this test is it can compare a students individual performance from their previous one. For example, Aprils current test indicated her reading skills have improved from last quarter. Aprils results are not compared to how well she did among her classmates instead it compares to her individual progress. Another advantage to this test it can assist a teacher to figure out each students academic strengths and weakness. A teacher can guide and assign additional help in the areas where students need improvement. The downfall to this method is it cannot compare student academic performance to ot her schools or districts. For example, a teacher will not be able to compare her students success to other classes nor to other schools. Another disadvantage is creating a valid exam for students. Designing an exam needs to meet specific standards plus its time consuming for teachers to work around their daily responsibilities. The following are the four types of informal assessments that can be used in a classroom which are an essay exam, a classroom game, walk around method, and a multiple choice exam. The first informal assessment is an essay exam. Essay exams are questions based on a certain lesson or topic where a student needs to provide a written answer. Depending on the exam instructions students may only need to write a couple of paragraphs or several pages in length. The following are two advantages in using an essay exam to test students. First, students have the opportunity to express their thoughts and demonstrate their level of comprehension on a certain question. The second advantage, students begin to construct and analyze how to answer each question. For example, the instruction on the essay says to please explain the difference between a mammal and an amphibian. The student first needs to analyze the differences between the two species and then construct examples to elaborate on the question. An issue does represent itself; this type of method is time consuming for both the student and teacher. The students need plenty of time to answer and write an essay and the te acher needs time to evaluate and grade each paper. The second disadvantage, teachers must be aware of their biases when writing a question where students need to agree or disagree on a certain topic. This disadvantage may get in the way of grading papers accurately. A teacher needs to be aware of their bias and base their grading on the students response not if they agree or disagree with their student. Another informal way to evaluate a students progress is a classroom game. A Classroom game creates an opportunity for students to apply their knowledge and encourages them to learn. For example, the class is divided into four groups to play a game of Jeopardy. The game of Jeopardy consists of questions on a certain academic subject. An advantage to this method is it promotes cooperative learning. Students are learning how to interact, collaborate, and work together with their peers to answer questions. Working together provides positive reinforcements for students to develop social skills and trust among their team members. Another advantage it motivates students to apply their own knowledge and retain new information as they play the game. A game will keep students alert and encourages participation which will lead to learning. Since students are divided into groups not every student is participating or collaborating on every question and this is downfall to this method. Even though each student has an opportunity to answer a question, the group is judged as a whole not the individual knowledge to every question but the ones they answer. Another disadvantage to this method does not provide enough feedback to a teacher to determine which students needs additional assistance in comprehending the current subject. The third informal assessment is the walk-around. This assessment requires the teacher to interact with each student as they work together as a group or individually. The teacher is actively observing and assisting students to stay on task. The advantage to this method it allows the teacher to interact with students individually or as a group to answer any concerns or assist them in understanding their assignment. The second advantage is the one on one conference. The teacher uses the one on one conference to talk to the students for five or ten minutes. This conference offers attention, and additional help in instructions for students(Cole,1999,p.4). This type of interaction builds trust and improves the communication between teacher and student. A downside to walk around assessment is giving each student or groups the same amount of time to answer questions or concerns. Since every student or groups have different questions, some may need additional assistance than others. This may cause some behavior issues or delay some students in completing their assignment. Another issue is making sure every student understands the material or contributing their work to their group. The teacher needs to give every student an opportunity to talk and demonstrate they understand the assignment. Lastly, the multiple-choice test is another assessment used in a classroom. Multiple choice tests consist of questions and a list of possible answers for each question. An upside to this method students begin to access their knowledge and apply it to every question by eliminating misleading choices. This method is also an advantage for teachers as well. The grading is less time consuming than other methods and easier to narrow down where the students are having difficulties. A disadvantage for students is it may cause them some confusion or frustration when the exams are poorly written. Poor written exams consist of tricky options to choose from, for instance having two possible answers. The second disadvantage for students is not being able to understand a question. This may lead the students to guess on answers they are not able to comprehend due to reading difficulties or a poor written exam. This may lead to inappropriate score on the students progress or knowledge. In conclusion, both formal and informal assessments consist of advantages and disadvantages that a teacher should consider and understand before administrating these assessments. Assessments are necessary to pinpoint students academic strengths and weaknesses. This allows a teacher to provide additional assistance to students that are struggling. Without assessments teachers will not be able to properly evaluate and assist students.

The Hidden Key to E-Commerce Success

Order Fulfillment: The Hidden Key to e-Commerce Success By Fred R. Ricker and Ravi Kalakota n July 1995, a young Wall Street computer whiz named Jeff Bezos opened a bookstore offering more than one million titles yet virtually no inventory. His brainchild—Amazon. com—has grown since then from four employees operating out of a 400 square-foot garage in Seattle into an online company with a stock valuation greater than most Fortune 500 companies.His initial concept—a virtual bookstore designed to do business exclusively on The Internet offers a wealth of the Internet—was new business opportunities for obviously brilliant start-ups and established compaand well executed, nies alike. Yet while everyone as evidenced by wants a piece of the e-Commerce action, not everyone has laid the Amazon. com’s sucnecessary groundwork for success in gaining and cess. One of the most often overkeeping customer looked prerequisites is order fulfillattention and genermen t and distribution. Succeeding ating orders. n the e-Commerce age is every Yet the company’s bit as much about designing and success to date is executing these â€Å"blocking and dwarfed by the tackling† functions as it is about potential of its the latest technology. apparent ambition— to build the world’s most efficient consumer-direct orderFred R. Ricker is director of health-care supfulfillment system. ply chain strategy for Manhattan Associates Amazon. com enviInc. Ravi Kalakota is the director of the sions a â€Å"killer† supCenter for Digital Commerce and GCATT ply chain that can chair professor of electronic commerce at deliver virtually any Georgia State University.He is also the product—not just founder and CEO of e-Business Strategies. 60 Supply Chain Management Review I books— directly to customers better than its competitors. In fact, it took Amazon. com only one quarter after adding music to its offerings to become the N et’s leading music seller. The company currently is targeting the $150 billion pharmaceuticals market with a 40-percent stake in Drugstore. com. Today, the emphasis among more mature Web retailers like Amazon. com is shifting from marketing to fulfillment logistics—what happens after the rder is placed. Good fulfillment—taking the right product, putting it in the right box, shipping it, and gaining the customer’s approval on arrival—is a demanding task. We believe it is here—in the down-and-dirty details of consumer direct order fulfillment—that the epic battles for domination of the e-Commerce marketplace will ultimately be won or lost. The emergence of the e-Supply chain, a group of strategically aligned companies focused on delivering differentiable value, signals a shift in the nature of online competition.It involves rethinking traditional supplier relationships and the role of informationdriven fulfillment logistics. In the new network economy, establishing a sustainable e-Commerce position is as much about using the right fulfillment strategies to get your products or services to buyers as it is about having the right product at the right price. The key to success is being able to give customers what they want, Fall 1999 Illustration by Roger Roth when they want it, and how they want it—all at the lowest cost. That requires â€Å"real-time fulfillment† solutions.These rising demands have driven a three-phase evolution. First the e-Corporation, which focuses on creating and maximizing the potential of internal supply chains, evolves into e-Business communities, where distributors, suppliers, customers, and others are linked but not fully integrated. These communities then become the e-Supply chain, which requires business-process and technology synchronization across the entire chain. (Exhibit 1 depicts this progression. ) Unfortunately, much of the start-up planning for e-Commerce ventures a pplies old models to new enterprises.It assumes, for example, the existence of a brick-and-mortar support infrastructure for the fulfillment or the spontaneous development of that infrastructure. Like it or not, most e-Commerce retailers place their initial emphasis on the â€Å"exciting† areas: Web product development, traffic generation, dynamic or customized Web pages, transactions, and so on. Often, e-Commerce retailers give little thought to order fulfillment and distribution—a capability critical to the success or failure of Web commerce. Our research shows that the lack of an Fall 1999 ntegrated supply chain infrastructure or weaknesses in integrating multiparty logistics components can undermine the benefits of e-Commerce and hinder innovative responses to the competition. The e-Fulfillment Opportunity The Internet offers a rich new opportunity for direct consumer access, but it also raises new challenges. Web retailers find product fulfillment—picking a nd packing in very small quantities and shipping via parcel carriers—a particularly difficult activity. It often requires relying on third-party fulfillment vendors (a concept discussed later in this article) to do the job.But collaboration in fulfillment chains is no longer confined to conventional two-company alliances, such as between shipper and a logistics services provider. Today, groups of enterprises are banding together for a common purpose—to satisfy customer demand. A new form of competition is emerging: e-Supply chain vs. e-Supply chain. In the Internet book retailing war, for example, the competition is not only between Amazon. com and Barnes & Noble but also among groups of companies that make up the e-Supply chain anchored by each company. An e-Supply chain is, in effect, a virtual organizaSupply Chain Management Review 61ORDER FULFILLMENT process. ) Vendors could work within specified routing guidelines and still tender for trucks online in conjunction with other geographically close vendors to get full-truckload rates. Internet start-ups have the luxury of starting from scratch and defining their fulfillment infrastructure Business Process and Technology specifically for the products Integration being offered online. This is not the case for established Phase 3 E-Supply Chain companies like catalog companies or store-based retailers such as Wal-Mart, Borders, and JCPenney.These companies already have fulfillment and distribution networks designed to ship a variety of products in bulk quantities to hundreds of stores. They realize that they cannot layer home delivery on the existing infrastructure. The established companies must decide whether to extend their existing facilities for consumer-direct eCommerce or build a new set of fulfillment facilities tailored to low volumes and high-variety product mixes. The enlightened ones realize that they need to invent a new customer-driven fulfillment model that can extract enough costs o ut of the current model to justify home delivery costs.That new model, we believe, is an intercompany order-fulfillment and replenishment model. It utilizes business process synchronization to eliminate redundant processes among supply chain trading companies and to improve information sharing— doing away with excess labor, inventory, and holding costs. The design and implementation of such a coordinated and synchronized fulfillment infrastructure poses a major managerial problem. To shed light on this problem and provide a prescriptive roadmap, we address the following questions: What is the impact of current customer-direct business models on fulfillment strategies?What is the definition of consumer-direct fulfillment logistics? Why is having a consumer-direct model so important? What types of fulfillment strategies are currently employed in e-Commerce? What strategic business-process reengineering and synchronization steps can managers take when designing a consumer-direct fulfillment logistics strategy? Fall 1999 EXHIBIT 1 Evolution of the Network Economy Distributors Suppliers Internal Supply Chain Reengineering External Linkages Customers Phase 1 E-Corporation Logistics Providers Phase 2 E-Business Communities ion that encompasses a group of trading companies, all working together to slash costs and share profits. By optimizing not only their internal processes but also their mutual interactions, they realize the benefits of a truly integrated supply chain. This concept—business-process and supply chain synchronization—lays the basis for the next revolution in supply chain management. It takes supply chain integration to a new level of efficiency by requiring companies to focus on synchronizing business processes around standard interface points and upgrading these points as the industry evolves.Synchronization of these â€Å"touch points† eliminates costs associated with inefficient movement of goods, redundant processes, and excess inventory. In doing so, it promotes a dedicated collaboration of all supply chain trading partners—suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, wholesalers, thirdparty providers, transportation companies, and retailers. Through e-Commerce, redundant processes among trading partners (such as multiple accuracy audits, receiving-dock appointments, and inventory planning activities) can be eliminated.The immediacy and availability of the Internet, once security and data cleansing issues are worked out, fulfills the promise of true synchronization. To take just a few examples, if vendors can gain access to a publicly available schedule on the Internet and book their own receiving appointments, they no longer need to send requests for appointments and wait for responses. Retailers would not need to research late payments if their customers could download payment status directly from the retailer’s Web site. (At least two major retailers have already begun this 62 Supply C hain Management ReviewThe Logistics of Consumer-Direct Fulfillment Three forces are converging to create an explosion in consumer-direct business models: technology forces are making it possible, market forces are making it viable, and social forces are making it inevitable. Keep in mind, though, that consumers demand more than an interactive experience. They want delivery convenience and lower fulfillment costs. They need to be assured of fast and reliable delivery. The value the consumer places on timely delivery can affect the logistics network design significantly. Time is money,† and digital consumers of the 21st century don’t have the same tolerance levels as their analog-world ancestors. Today’s consumers are yearning for instant gratification as never before. Partners in the supply chain must improve their efficiencies—from order capture to fulfillment— to provide that gratification. The goal of consumer-direct business models is to let cust omers select and configure products and services interactively, get a price quote, and receive a committed delivery date online.Companies serious about satisfying customers online must substantially change their process to make consumer-direct retailing and manufacturing attractive to the consumer. Companies must re-evaluate the complete fulfillment business model—promotions, merchandising, product selection, pricing, supplier relations, technical management, distribution, returns, and post-sale service. Each of these areas demands new processes, skills, and approaches. To satisfy a consumer-driven marketplace, companies must move beyond the singular mentality of intracompany optimization.Instead, they must focus on how intercompany business process synchronization can transform consumer demands into consumer satisfaction. As with a single company, core competencies of each component of the virtual organization must be evaluated objectively to eliminate inefficiencies. Manage rs of that virtual organization will continue to reengineer best practices, while at the same time: Building replenishment programs based on consumers â€Å"pulling† the product through the supply chain from the manufacturer. Employing new forecasting methods that reflect total pipeline visibility.Investing collectively in technology and equipment to capitalize on market opportunities. The success of consumer direct fulfillment logistics models depends on the successful integration of Fall 1999 four key elements: order-fulfillment planning, product execution, distribution management, and crossapplication integration. 1. Order-Fulfillment Planning. Rising customer expectations and short fulfillment deadlines call for effective planning that breaks artificial boundaries and bridges the gaps between the consumer and the other players in the supply chain.Fulfillment planning must consider the entire planning process— from manufacturing, through distribution and transportat ion—within a single integrated model. Fulfillment planning involves evaluation of multiple planning strategies such as: Establishing a sustainable e-Commerce position is as Profitable-to-promise: Should I take the customer order at this time? Available-to-promise: Is inventory available to fulfill the order? Capable-to-promise: Does manufacturing capacity allow order commitment?Select the plan that best meets the desired customer-service levels considering transportation and manufacturing constraints. It’s important to plan backwards from customer priorities and fulfillment deadlines. Thus, to generate a feasible plan, the fulfillment-planning process needs to consider all supply chain constraints simultaneously. These include transportation constraints such as truck capacity and weight, use of alternate modes, and availability of downstream resources such as loading docks. 1 2. Production Execution.With the advent of modular designs, more and more production functions are being performed at dedicated warehouses and distribution centers. The typical activities include light subassembly and sequencing, kitting, merging, consolidation, packaging, and labeling. Timing of the final assembly often drives the production plan for subassemblies. The process starts with the master production schedule for the finished product. An MRP (Manufacturing Resource Planning) system explodes this schedule to derive when, where, and in what quantities various subassemblies and components are required to make each product.Production also includes componentreplenishment strategies that minimize the amount of inventory in the pipeline and coordinate product Supply Chain Management Review 63 much about using the right order-fulfillment strategies as it is about having the right product at the right price. ORDER FULFILLMENT hand-offs between the various parties involved. Timely replenishment of warehouses is critical because customers will no longer tolerate out-ofstock situations. 3. Distribution Management.Distribution management encompasses the entire process of transporting goods from manufacturer to distribution centers and then to final consumption point. The process also may include packing, document preparation, customs brokerage, and inventory and warehouse management. One of the most important innovations here is the integration of distribution with transportation planning and scheduling through a comprehensive supply can address by utilizing standardized information formats and communication points between trading partners.Distribution center inventory has to be integrated effectively with the customer contact system. In high-velocity retail settings like the Web, customers quickly become unhappy if the seller is out of stock for what is advertised as in stock. Accurate distribution center inventory, updated frequently, is essential to running an effective online business. A Framework for e-Commerce Fulfillment Strategies In the face of increasing competition, absence of pricing power, and shrinking operating margins, companies will succeed or fail based on the efficiency of their fulfillment strategies.Business analysts often focus on the number of orders a company generates on the Web as an indicator of its competitive strength. But a more accurate measure may be the company’s process for rapidly and efficiently translating the orders into fill-rates that satisfy and exceed customer expectations. This section presents a framework of evolving fulfillment strategies. It then illustrates that framework with a wide array of examples and derives implications and guidelines for management. The framework is based on two dimensions: the structure and the operation of fulfillment strategies.On the structure dimension, the strategies are classified as either centralized or distributed. In a centralized structure, all warehousing, pickup, packing, and shipping are operated in a central site, usually a distribution or logistics center. In a distributed structure, warehousing, pickup, packing, and shipping or delivery are located at different sites. On the operation dimension, the fulfillment strategies are either self-operated if the fulfillment process is operated by the company itself or outsourced if it is done by third parties or partners.All of these strategies, discussed below, have trade-offs regarding investment, inventory costs, and operational complexity. Strategy A. Distributed Delivery Centers Fulfillment through distributed delivery centers is an acceptable approach for companies that are just getting online or for those that have a delivery funcFall 1999 â€Å"Time is money,† chain execution solution. Transportation-management software spans the life cycle of the shipment and allows customers to view all of their shipments across a network of multimodal transportation providers. Distribution anagement also means providing users with easy access to shipping, tracking, and del ivery data. Reverse logistics is another function of distribution management. Faster product obsolescence and more generous warranties have escalated the number of returns. Reverse logistics not only encompasses damaged or returned goods but also products designed for remanufacture, hazardous materials, and reusable packaging. 4. Cross-Application Integration. To be effective, companies need to seamlessly integrate the three elements of fulfillment logistics described above.At present, this rarely happens. Most Web servers only have a sporadic connection to the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system like SAP’s R/3, which controls accounting, production, materials management, and distribution. Thus, when the user wants to know when a product will be delivered, the Web application often cannot tell that user what inventory is available in the ERP system or at the third-party warehouse. These are precisely the kinds of problems that business-process synchronization 64 Supply Chain Management Review nd digital consumers of the 21st century don’t have the same tolerance levels as their analog-world ancestors. tion in their stores. This approach minimizes the upfront investment and can be set up quickly. It also facilitates strategies such as â€Å"Buy Here/Pick Up There. † This strategy allows consumers to place an order by phone or online at one store location and pick up the merchandise at another. Though distributed delivery centers do have their advantages (like the obvious reduction in shipping costs), they also can experience certain difficulties.For one thing, controlling inventory for every center at an appropriate level may result in operational complexity and incur expensive inventory costs. In addition, in-store employees often are unfamiliar with warehouse picking and packing procedures. Further, high employee turnover can make picking and packing quality standards difficult to maintain. Yet another problem is scheduling. To mini mize conflict with customers who are shopping during the daytime, picking operations often are scheduled for off-peak shopping hours.Although this may appear to be an efficient use of resources, the delayed picking may force an additional day into the delivery cycle, since carrier pickups may take place before the completion of the current day’s picking and packing activities. Strategy B. Partner Fulfillment Operations Some online retailers are using the partner fulfillment model, which means they have no inventory, no shops, and no product brands. Fulfillment is performed entirely by partners. This approach has clear advantages from the standpoint of inventory-carrying costs. But there are some disadvantages as well.This has been evident in the experience of Peapod, an online grocery retailer that provides online shopping and home delivery services. Peapod discovered that its initial strategy of partnering with local supermarkets for fulfillment meant charging consumers high delivery costs of up to $16 an order. This pricing level made it virtually impossible to build a customer base. To attract more customers, the company has begun to dismantle some of its partnerships and move toward a distributed-delivery fulfillment model by establishing its own warehouses in selected markets.The introduction of a distributed-delivery model, however, has put a strain on the company’s financial growth. Peapod management estimates that each new distribution center requires a capital expenditure of roughly $1. 5 million plus operating expenses. Peapod expects a net loss at each facility during the first 12 to 18 months of operation. In the long run, however, the new centers should give the company higher overall margins as well as greater operating efficiencies. Fall 1999 Companies will succeed or fail based on the efficiency of their fulfillment strategies.Strategy C. Dedicated Fulfillment Center Today, many online retailers have established their own dedicate d fulfillment centers. These players include Amazon. com, BarnesandNoble. com, Dell Computer, Micro Warehouse, and Insight Enterprises. This approach is well suited to the book and computer industry, where the fulfillment centers can facilitate prompt delivery. The dedicated fulfillment center model reduces delivery costs for low-margin items. Using this approach, companies can measure expected delivery time in hours—not days.The tradeoffs of this approach are: Low or unpredictable sales volumes. This will result in high inventory-carrying costs. High up-front investment. Depending upon its warehouse setup and flexibility, a distribution fulfillment center can incur high costs. It may, for example, require major systems modifications, automated warehouses, and conveyors. This option, moreover, can add operational complexity to the product and information flows. Yet even though this approach increases the up-front capital investment, it can reduce long-term operating costs.Dec reased flexibility. The operation’s scalability is restricted to the existing warehouse infrastructure. This may make it difficult to meet the variability in demand inherent in some retail segments. Strategy D. Third-Party Fulfillment Centers (â€Å"Virtual Warehousing†) As companies struggle to manage unpredictable demand better, they are turning toward third-party fulfillment centers (3PFs), which can be thought of as virtual warehouses. Through this approach, companies can lease the skills and facilities needed for order fulfillment rather than owning them.Third-party fulfillment companies offer flexibility in accommodating wide swings in demand over short periods. They also help facilitate inventoryreduction initiatives such as just-in-time programs. Another advantage of 3PF is the limited changes that must be made to legacy information systems. This option provides a much more robust capability than in-store fulfillment and minimizes operational impact. It also co nverts much of fulfillment into a variable cost offset by eliminating warehouse and Supply Chain Management Review 65 ORDER FULFILLMENT store costs associated with the sale of the product.This strategy allows retailers to leverage their buying power and extend product selection into lines not currently offered in their stores. The primary drawback of 3PF is few existing national fulfillment companies can accommodate a wide range of products. Even more problematical, ceding control of this critical aspect of the business represents a major paradigm shift for retailers. Depending upon the service levels required by customers, multiple fulfillment centers may be necessary to minimize delivery time—and this increases costs and required stock levels. y clear that customers don’t just buy products; instead, they buy the â€Å"service envelope. † They are looking to enter into a complex relationship with the selling company. Given the new reality, companies do not crea te value for customers by merely offering varieties of products. Rather, they must devise a logistics fulfillment strategy that envelops the product and meets customer needs such as convenience, reliability, and support. The choice of a fulfillment strategy depends on whether a company elects to compete essentially on customer responsiveness or operating excellence.In either case, the fulfillment strategy must support the overall business strategy. To ensure that this happens, a company needs to complete the following steps: (1) assess the competitive environment, (2) select the fulfillment strategy, (3) achieve business-process synchronization, and (4) design and implement the necessary cross-application integration. Importantly, the fulfillment strategy must take full advantage of new planning, warehousing, and transportation technologies that can cut order fill times dramatically.Assess the Competitive Environment The first step in fulfillment-logistics design is assessmentâ€⠀that is, identifying the opportunities, strengths, and weaknesses that will influence overall performance and viability of the fulfillment strategy. During the assessment phase, a company must gather information on the competitive environment across these strategic variables: Effectiveness. What are customers’ priorities and how are they changing? How closely does the overall design address the stated and unstated requirements of customers?Consider likely changes in buying patterns, potential competitors, long-run cost pressures, and new technologies. Value differentiation. Why do my customers buy from me? What makes my value proposition unique compared to the competition? Do customers appreciate the value in my offering and can this be leveraged into differentiated pricing strategies? The first step toward value differentiation is to map your customer’s entire experience with your product or service. Do this for each important customer segment. Capital intensity. Sh ould we choose a capitalintensive, high fixed-cost strategy?Or a less capital-intensive, flexible strategy? The e-Commerce impact on working capital outlay differs from retailer to retailer. It depends on such factors as the existing logistical infrastructure (dispersion of warehouses, existing product flow, etc. ), the Fall 1999 Effective fulfillment strategy is dynamic, using multiple channels simultaneously to reach important customers. Strategy E. Build-to-Order The customized build-to-order model is an emerging fulfillment center strategy that extends beyond the traditional framework and adopts an integrating or boundary-spanning perspective.Companies working to coordinate build-to-order fulfillment logistics strategies need to: Synchronize and manage the entire flow of materials through a complex network of resources in their supply chains as opposed to simply managing inventory in warehouses. Turn their attention to maximizing the throughput, rather than focus on controlling fixed costs. Alter the material flow upstream quickly and proactively as demand and product mix change, rather than react to changes in customer demand at the end of the process.A fundamental requirement of fulfillment logistics is the dedicated collaboration of all supply chain trading partners to eliminate the costs associated with inefficient movement of goods, redundant processes, and excess inventory. Effective collaboration not only ensures that the order flows through smoothly but also provides two crucial capabilities: the ability to adapt to increasingly frequent changes in consumer tastes and e-Commerce technology and the ability to improve processes continuously.Designing the Right Fulfillment Strategy Design of the fulfillment strategy is central to the overall corporate strategy. It is becoming increasing66 Supply Chain Management Review nature of the products carried (for example, books Select the Fulfillment Strategy The second step in the design process is to select vs. produce), and the delivery demands of the an appropriate fulfillment strategy based on the findcustomer. Channel extendibility. Can the fulfillment design ings of the competitive assessment.Each fulfillment handle possible new products and services and strategy brings its own strengths, weaknesses, and incorporate new forms of customer interaction? trade-offs. These center on such issues as investEstablished companies must remain committed to ment, effectiveness, cost efficiency, operational coma portfolio strategy of customer interaction. This plexity, channel extendibility and scalability, and is based on the belief that valuable synergies exist risks associated with the business alliances. Exhibit 2, among online, catalog, and specialty retailing.To which summarizes the key characteristics of the five cite one example, EXHIBIT 2 online order desks A Summary of Five Fulfillment Strategies with sophisticated Type of Distinctive Major Potential Management walk-up interfaces Fulf illment Characteristics Strengths Weakness Challenges Strategy can be located strategically in Distributed delivery Distributed Easy start-up; Complex inventory Establishing sophisevery store so that centers Prompt delivery; management; ticated inventoryoperation sites; Operation in control.High inventory management sysSelf operated. shoppers can costs; tem; order products Unfamiliar with JIT inventory manand serve themwarehousing proce- agement. dures. selves. With an integrated portfo- Partner fulfillment Minimized up-front Service limited by Establishing orderDistributed lio strategy, estab- operations investment; partnership; routing system; operation sites; Less operational Low overall Maintaining stratePartner operated. ished companies responsibility; efficiency; gic alliance with can gain many Flexible delivery High inventory costs partners; new online cusarrangement; and inventory-man- Ensuring service Low shipping charge agement complexity. quality and reliability. tomers f rom the to customers. retail outlets. I n f r a s t r u c t u re Dedicated Avoids the higher High up-front Converting traditionCentralized inventory costs; investment; al warehousing to operation site; scalability.Can the fulfillment centers Easy to manage; Decreased flexibility. consumer-direct fulSelf operated. design handle Fast delivery; fillment; multiple products Reduced long-term JIT inventory mancosts of operation. agement. and a high shipment volume? Physical distribu- Third-party fulfillLeast investment; Few options Selecting the third Centralized No learning curve; available; party; tion can be a ment centers (3PFs) operation site; Third party No operational com- Risks in strategic Establishing intermajor logistical operated. lexity; alliances; organizational inforand administrative Limited changes to High operational mation systems with legacy systems; charge. the 3PF. headache. Online Minimized operaretailers are findtional impacts. ing that having to Build-to-order Spa ns both Minimum inventory; Over-customization; Synchronizing entire adapt their existcentralized â€Å"Pulling† ensured; Costs and resources flow of materials vs. ing infrastructure and distributed No stock inventory; of integration. anaging inventory; to handle small operations. Controlled fulfillAltering material ment. flow upstream vs. shipments going customer demand to millions of condownstream. sumers can be time consuming, complex, and expensive. The challenge is to keep each and every fulfillment strategies, is a managerial guide for customer satisfied while protecting the bottom determining which strategy is right for a company at line from erosion resulting from waste, errors, and a given situation. inefficiencies.How well do the available distribu- Achieve Business-Process Synchronization Intercompany business-process synchronization, tion strategies help accomplish that key objective? Fall 1999 Supply Chain Management Review 67 ORDER FULFILLMENT in its purest form, gives rise to the virtual organization in which all trading companies work together as one competitive supply chain entity—the e-Supply chain. In the virtual organization, each trading company shares its information and resources, which results in better planning and more efficient product movement.In making business-process synchronization a reality, companies typically will encounter these challenges: Design and Implement Cross-Application Integration Among the key objectives of intercompany collaboration are more sophisticated distribution services, such as frequent inventory replenishments, more customized packing of goods to reduce unpacking times, more creative packaging and labeling of goods to meet merchandising strategies, and more effective exchange of trading information in compliance with EDI standards.Achievement of these objectives demands an increased use of cross-application integration. Superior application integration in a supply chain is central to achievi ng superior fulfillment productivity and speed. An effective fulfillment-management system must have the ability to integrate with: 1. Integrated enterprise applications. Included here are the ERP systems that integrate the inventory management, marketing, and financial functions. 2. Integrated interenterprise systems. These are the supply chain management systems for transportation, order management, warehouse management, and demand planning.For instance, FedEx has integrated its logistics and transportation capabilities with the SAP R/3 system. For R/3 users, the solution will simplify every related process step from order entry through shipment and tracking by tightly integrating with FedEx. For FedEx, this capability creates a competitive barrier that other carriers have to overcome. 3. Distribution center management and warehouse management systems. Included among these solutions are facility management systems. Efficient management of a distribution center operation now requir es collecting information on customer orders, inbound shipments, products vailable on-site, storage locations, product weights and sizes, and outbound shipping data (including customer-specific shipping requirements, routing data, and carrier requirements). This information must be analyzed dynamically to determine the most efficient use of the distribution center’s labor, materials-handling equipment, and shipping and receiving areas. Today’s information technology revolution does not merely support new order-fulfillment strategies, it creates them. Technology Challenge. Intercompany businessprocess synchronization requires sophisticated technology applications.It can be difficult, however, to identify those systems that truly support this initiative. The Data-Sharing Challenge. Supply chain systems not only need to communicate with one another but also to integrate their business practice knowledge into each trading company’s business logic. The companies must work quickly and painlessly to integrate their trading partners’ knowledge into their own business applications. The Adaptability Challenge. All the information in the world cannot help if trading companies don’t have the flexibility to alter business processes as consumer demands change.In this regard, all trading companies face similar challenges. For instance, when UPS issues a rate update, thousands of customers must implement these changes by a specified date and time. Companies need to implement business systems that can be upgraded easily to move with the market. The Standardization and Compliance Challenge. When one major player in the supply chain decides to upgrade to a new technology or adopt a new technical functionality, the other players are challenged to synchronize accordingly.When there are thousands of â€Å"touch points,† or interface points, the challenge can become enormously complex. In a perfect world, all trading partners would migrate i n unison to the latest technologies to realize the maximum benefit. But it is not likely that an entire supply chain can or will do this at once. Thus, it is important to focus on synchronizing business processes around these touch points and upgrading them as the market evolves. 68 Supply Chain Management Review Acting in Unison for the Consumer Order fulfillment and replenishment is a core business process. What makes onsumer-direct eCommerce compelling to customers is not just the online shopping experience but on-time delivery, fewer fulfillment errors, extra service, and convenience. These are the things that customers value. When companies fall short in responding to those values, they risk alienating or losing customers as a result. Fall 1999 ORDER FULFILLMENT Many potential e-Commerce participants have underestimated the difficulty and importance of the fulfillment side of this market arena. They see fulfillment and distribution logistics as peripheral to their competitive s trategy.Companies need to recognize that such benign neglect is risky and wastes opportunities for competitive advantage. In response to pressures from powerful market trends and technological changes, they must inspect past practices, channel commitments, and vendor relationships vigorously. Effective fulfillment strategy is dynamic, using multiple channels simultaneously to reach important customers. Today’s information technology revolution does not merely support new fulfillment strategies, it creates them. Consumers interface with technology daily, raising the bar on what is expected on the fulfillment side.Meeting these rising expectations requires a conscious shift in fulfillment strategies and a technological infrastructure that ties together every aspect of the consumer-direct â€Å"fulfillment chain. † Interenterprise business-process synchronization is a key to success in this emerging real-time marketplace. Deep information exchange among supply chain partn ers brings opportunities to develop interenterprise strategies that become new sources of competitive advantage. Information integration allows companies to monitor daily trends, market conditions, product acquisitions, and planning functions.To achieve operational integration, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers must exchange information effectively with other supply chain participants at key interface â€Å"touch points. † Importantly, this includes providing real-time information to customers so they know the status of their order at any given moment. When all trading partners—including raw-material suppliers—perform all of the key supply activities in unison, they can make inventory decisions that lead to dramatically improved results.They can then share the rewards of producing the correct amount of the product, thereby lowering the cost of overproduction. Business-process synchronization also enables partners to respond quickly and easily to unplann ed consumer demand for items or for personalized and enhanced products—the kinds of things today’s Internet shoppers desire. The companies that employ business-process synchronization in the development of their consumerdirect order-fulfillment strategy will fulfill these consumer desires and emerge as the big winners in the Internet economy.Author’s Note Used as a reference for this article was a White Paper by Alan Dabbiere of Manhattan Associates titled â€Å"Business Process and Supply Chain Synchronization: Achieving Supply Chain Excellence Through Technology. † Footnote 1 Companies providing early versions of advanced planning capability include SAP’s Advanced Planning and Optimization (APO) engine, i2Technologies, Manugistics, and Logility. More sophisticated systems that integrate production planning and transportation planning are under development. 70 Supply Chain Management Review Fall 1999